台灣首府大學
資訊與多媒體設計學系
計算機概論期末報告
韓丹尼 B107116081
任課老師：謝慧民
中華民國 108 年
1 月
In
the name of God Almighty who has given us His blessings and blessings, so the
making and preparation of this paper on "History of 2G to 5G Development
and Applications" can run well and smoothly so that it can be completed on
time. I hope this report can help others to understand the technological advances,
especially about the generation of cellphones (cellular telecommunications).
Do not forget we
thank you to:
ü God Almighty who has blessed the making of
this paper,
ü Introduce of Computer Science lecturer,
Mr. 謝慧民
ü
All
parties who have helped complete this paper.
We
as compilers realize there are still many shortcomings in this paper. We accept
the criticism and suggestions broadly to improve the quality and content of
this paper. thanks.
Saturday,
January 11, 2019
Composer
韓丹尼
Contents
Introduction
Contents
1.1.1 Technology
1.1.2 2G Technology Capability
1.1.3 Weakness of 2G Technology
1.2.1 History
1.2.2 Applications of
3G
1.3 3.5G (HSPA)
1.3.1 Evolved High
Speed Packet Access
1.4.1 Background of 4G
1.4.2 Frequencies
1.4.3 4.5G (LTE)
1.5.1 Technology
Bibliography
Wireless wireless communication or
wireless telecommunications has evolved in a short span of time, and as
appropriate, the impact of these innovations is felt by all levels of society
significantly. As humans, we are designed to seek broader and deeper
connections or relationships, and cellular technology has opened up the
possibility for us to communicate better and easier.
The development of cellular
technology starts with 1G and is followed by 2G, 3G, 4G and soon 5G will be the
next big thing. Certainly Opera Friends is familiar with the term ‘G, but as a
proof of significant technological innovation in our lives, let's take a look
back at how cellular technology has evolved from 1G to 5G!
Let's start with basic knowledge
first. 'G' means 'generation' while numbers 1 through 5 represent improvements
in technological development. There are many aspects that distinguish each
generation. However, in essence and the most important is, differences are seen
in terms of network speed.
In the early 90s for the first time
digital cellular network technology emerged which almost certainly had many
advantages compared to analogue network technology (1G) such as clearer sound,
safer security and greater capacity. GSM emerged in Europe temporarily America
relies on their first D-AMPS and CDMA Quallcomm. Both these systems (GSM and
CDMA) represent the second generation (2G) of wireless network technology and
also the fact that the First generation began to disappear a decade ago so there
must be a new generation.
The second generation has CSD
features so data transfer is faster. around 14.4KBPS. You can also send text
messages but this CSD feature will cost a lot because if you want to connect to
the internet you have to use dial-up which is calculated per minute.
Which includes 2G technology, namely :
Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
The way this technology works is by dividing the
radio frequency allocation based on time units. TDMA technology can serve three
caller sessions at once by repeating slices of time units in a radio channel.
So, a frequency channel can serve three caller sessions at different intervals,
but still patterned and continuous. By assembling all parts of the time, a
communication session will be formed.
Personal
Digital Cellular (PDC)
PDC
has a work method that is relatively the same as TDMA. The difference is the
area of implementation. TDMA is more widely used in the United States, while
PDC is widely implemented in Japan
iDEN
iDEN is a technology that is only used on devices
with certain brands (proprietary technology FBR). This technology belongs to
the largest communication technology company in America, Motorola, which was
later popularized by the Nextel.iDEN company based on TDMA technology with GSM
architecture that works at 800 MHz. Generally used for Private Mobile Radio
(PMR) and "Push-to-Talk" applications.
Digital
European Cordless Telephone (DECT)
DECT,
which is based on TDMA technology, is focused on business needs on an
enterprise scale, not a service provider scale that serves a large number of
users. Examples of applications for this technology are wireless PBX, and
intercoms between wireless phones. The size of the sell radio that is not too
large causes this technology to only be used in a limited range. Nevertheless,
DECT technology allocates wide frequency bandwidth, which is around 32 Kbps per
channel. The allocation of this wide frequency bandwidth results in better
sound or data quality in the ISDN standard format.
Personal
Mobile Service (PHPS)
PHS is a technology developed and implemented in
Japan. This technology is not much different from DECT which also allocates 32
Kbps channels to maintain its quality. This technology is focused on the
interests of high population environments so that the FBR coverage area is not
too broad. PHS technology typically places base stations in locations around
crowded areas, such as malls and offices.
IS-95
CDMA (CDMAone)
CDMAone
is different from other 2G technologies because this technology is based on
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). This technology increases caller session
capacity by using a unique coding method for each frequency channel it uses.
With this coding system, traffic and allocation the time of each session can be
set. The frequency used in this technology is 800 MHz. However, there are other
variants which are at the frequency of 1900 MHz.
Global
System for Mobile (GSM)
GSM technology uses TDMA systems with an allocation
of approximately eight users in one channel frequency of 200 KHz per unit time.
Initially, the frequency used was 900 MHz. In its development the frequency
used is 1800 MHz and 1900 MHz. The advantages of GSM are more interfaces for
the providers and users. In addition, roaming capabilities between the same providers
make users free to communicate.
Apart from being used for voice
communication, the second generation can also be used for SMS (Short Message
Service is a two-way service for sending 160 characters of short messages), voice
mail, call waiting, and data transfer with a maximum speed of 9,600 bps (bits
per second). That much speed is enough to send SMS, download images, or MIDI
ringtones. Excess 2G compared to 1G in addition to better service, in terms of
greater capacity.
The resulting sound becomes
clearer, because it is digital-based, so before sending analog sound signals
are converted into digital signals. This change allows repair of sound signal
damage due to noise or other frequency interference.
Repairs
are carried out at the receiver, then returned again in the form of analog
signals, increasing spectrum / frequency efficiency, and system optimization
capabilities as indicated by the ability to compress and coding digital data.
longer and the battery size can be smaller.
Data
transfer speed is still low. Inefficient for low traffic. The reach of the
network is still limited and is very dependent on the presence of BTS (cell
Tower).
3G, short for third generation, is
the third generation of wireless mobile telecommunications technology. It is
the upgrade for 2G and 2.5G GPRS networks, for faster internet speed. This is
based on a set of standards used for mobile devices and mobile telecommunications
use services and networks that comply with the International Mobile
Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by the International
Telecommunication Union. 3G finds application in wireless voice telephony,
mobile Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile
TV.
3G telecommunication networks
support services that provide an information transfer rate of at least 0.2
Mbit/s. Later 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile
broadband access of several Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modems in laptop
computers. This ensures it can be applied to wireless voice telephony, mobile
Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV
technologies.
A new generation of cellular
standards has appeared approximately every tenth year since 1G systems were
introduced in 1979 and the early to mid-1980s. Each generation is characterized
by new frequency bands, higher data rates and non–backward-compatible
transmission technology. The first 3G networks were introduced in 1998 and 4G
networks in 2008.
Several telecommunications
companies market wireless mobile Internet services as 3G, indicating that the
advertised service is provided over a 3G wireless network. Services advertised as
3G are required to meet IMT-2000 technical standards, including standards for
reliability and speed (data transfer rates). To meet the IMT-2000 standards, a
system is required to provide peak data rates of at least 200 kbit/s (about 0.2
Mbit/s). However, many services advertised as 3G provide higher speed than the
minimum technical requirements for a 3G service. Recent 3G releases, often
denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s
to smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers.
The 3G (UMTS and CDMA2000) research
and development projects started in 1992. In 1999, ITU approved five radio
interfaces for IMT-2000 as a part of the ITU-R M.1457 Recommendation; WiMAX was
added in 2007. There are evolutionary standards (EDGE and CDMA) that are
backward-compatible extensions to pre-existing 2G networks as well as
revolutionary standards that require all-new network hardware and frequency
allocations. The cell phones use UMTS in combination with 2G GSM standards and
bandwidths, but do not support EDGE. The latter group is the UMTS family, which
consists of standards developed for IMT-2000, as well as the independently
developed standards DECT and WiMAX, which were included because they fit the
IMT-2000 definition.
3G technology was the result of
research and development work carried out by the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU) in the early 1980s. 3G specifications and
standards were developed in fifteen years. The technical specifications were
made available to the public under the name IMT-2000. The communication
spectrum between 400 MHz to 3 GHz was allocated for 3G. Both the government and
communication companies approved the 3G standard. The first pre-commercial 3G
network was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1998, branded as FOMA. It was
first available in May 2001 as a pre-release (test) of W-CDMA technology. The
first commercial launch of 3G was also by NTT DoCoMo in Japan on 1 October
2001, although it was initially somewhat limited in scope; broader availability
of the system was delayed by apparent concerns over its reliability.
The first European pre-commercial
network was an UMTS network on the Isle of Man by Manx Telecom, the operator
then owned by British Telecom, and the first commercial network (also UMTS
based W-CDMA) in Europe was opened for business by Telenor in December 2001
with no commercial handsets and thus no paying customers.
The first network to go
commercially live was by SK Telecom in South Korea on the CDMA-based 1xEV-DO
technology in January 2002. By May 2002 the second South Korean 3G network was
by KT on EV-DO and thus the South Koreans were the first to see competition
among 3G operators.
The first commercial United States
3G network was by Monet Mobile Networks, on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO technology, but
this network provider later shut down operations. The second 3G network
operator in the USA was Verizon Wireless in July 2002 also on CDMA2000 1x
EV-DO. AT&T Mobility was also a true 3G UMTS network, having completed its upgrade
of the 3G network to HSUPA.
Nepal Telecom adopted 3G Service
for the first time in Asia. However its 3G was relatively slow to be adopted in
Nepal. In some instances, 3G networks do not use the same radio frequencies as
2G so mobile operators must build entirely new networks and license entirely
new frequencies, especially so to achieve high data transmission rates. Other
countries' delays were due to the expenses of upgrading transmission hardware,
especially for UMTS, whose deployment required the replacement of most
broadcast towers. Due to these issues and difficulties with deployment, many
carriers were not able to or delayed acquisition of these updated capabilities.
In December 2007, 190 3G networks
were operating in 40 countries and 154 HSDPA networks were operating in 71
countries, according to the Global Mobile Suppliers Association (GSA). In Asia,
Europe, Canada and the USA, telecommunication companies use W-CDMA technology
with the support of around 100 terminal designs to operate 3G mobile networks.
The bandwidth and location
information available to 3G devices gives rise to applications not previously
available to mobile phone users. Some of the applications are:
·
Global Positioning System (GPS).
·
Location – Based Service.
·
Mobile TV.
·
Telemedicine.
·
Video Conferencing.
·
Video on demand.
High Speed
Packet Access is an amalgamation of two mobile protocols, High Speed Downlink
Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), that extends
and improves the performance of existing 3G mobile telecommunication networks
using the WCDMA protocols. A further improved 3GPP standard, Evolved High Speed
Packet Access (also known as HSPA+), was released late in 2008 with subsequent
worldwide adoption beginning in 2010. The newer standard allows bit-rates to
reach as high as 337 Mbit/s in the downlink and 34 Mbit/s in the uplink.
However, these speeds are rarely achieved in practice.
As of 28 August
2009, 250 HSDPA networks have commercially launched mobile broadband services
in 109 countries. 169 HSDPA networks support 3.6 Mbit/s peak downlink data
throughput. A growing number are delivering 21 Mbit/s peak data downlink and 28
Mbit/s.
Enhanced Uplink
adds a new transport channel to WCDMA, called the Enhanced Dedicated Channel
(E-DCH). It also features several improvements similar to those of HSDPA,
including multi-code transmission, shorter transmission time interval enabling
faster link adaptation, fast scheduling, and fast Hybrid Automatic Repeat
Request (HARQ) with incremental redundancy making retransmissions more
effective. Similarly to HSDPA, HSUPA uses a "packet scheduler", but
it operates on a "request-grant" principle where the user equipment
(UE) requests permission to send data and the scheduler decides when and how
many UEs will be allowed to do so. A request for transmission contains data
about the state of the transmission buffer and the queue at the UE and its
available power margin. However, unlike HSDPA, uplink transmissions are not
orthogonal to each other.
Evolved HSPA (also known as HSPA
Evolution, HSPA+) is a wireless broadband standard defined in 3GPP release 7 of
the WCDMA specification. It provides extensions to the existing HSPA
definitions and is therefore backward-compatible all the way to the original
Release 99 WCDMA network releases. Evolved HSPA provides data rates up to 42.2
Mbit/s in the downlink and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink
(per 5 MHz carrier) with multiple input, multiple
output (2x2 MIMO) technologies and higher order modulation (64 QAM). With Dual
Cell technology, these can be doubled. Since 2011, HSPA+ has been very widely
deployed amongst WCDMA operators with nearly 200 commitments.
1.4 4G (Fourth Generation)
4G is the fourth generation of
broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G. A 4G system must provide
capabilities defined by ITU in IMT Advanced. Potential and current applications
include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services,
high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, and 3D television.
The first-release Long Term
Evolution (LTE) standard was commercially deployed in Oslo, Norway, and
Stockholm, Sweden in 2009, and has since been deployed throughout most parts of
the world. It has, however, been debated whether first-release versions should
be considered 4G LTE, as discussed in the technical understanding section
below.
1.4.1 Background of
4G
In the field of mobile
communications, a "generation" generally refers to a change in the
fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards-compatible transmission
technology, higher peak bit rates, new frequency bands, wider channel frequency
bandwidth in Hertz, and higher capacity for many simultaneous data transfers
(higher system spectral efficiency in bit/second/Hertz/site).
New mobile generations have
appeared about every ten years since the first move from 1981 analog (1G) to
digital (2G) transmission in 1992. This was followed, in 2001, by 3G
multi-media support, spread spectrum transmission and, at least, 200 kbit/s
peak bit rate, in 2011/2012 to be followed by "real" 4G, which refers
to all-Internet Protocol (IP) packet-switched networks giving mobile
ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access.
While the ITU has adopted
recommendations for technologies that would be used for future global
communications, they do not actually perform the standardization or development
work themselves, instead relying on the work of other standard bodies such as
IEEE, The Wi MAX Forum, and 3GPP.
In the mid-1990s, the ITU-R
standardization organization released the IMT-2000 requirements as a framework
for what standards should be considered 3G systems, requiring 200 kbit/s peak
bit rate. In 2008, ITU -R specified the IMT – Advanced (International Mobile
Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G systems.
The fastest 3G-based standard in
the UMTS family is the HSPA+ standard, which is commercially available since
2009 and offers 28 Mbit/s downstream (22 Mbit/s upstream) without MIMO, i.e.
only with one antenna, and in 2011 accelerated up to 42 Mbit/s peak bit rate
downstream using either DC-HSPA+ (simultaneous use of two 5 MHz UMTS carriers)
or 2x2 MIMO. In theory speeds up to 672 Mbit/s are possible, but have not been
deployed yet. The fastest 3G-based standard in the CDMA2000 family is the EV-DO
Rev. B, which is available since 2010 and offers 15.67 Mbit/s downstream.
1.4.2 Frequencies
Mobile 4G network uses several
frequencies which are:
·
700 MHz (Band 28 - Telstra / Optus)
·
850 MHz (Band 5 - Vodafone)
·
900 MHz (Band 8 - Telstra)
·
1800 MHz (Band 3 - Telstra / Optus /
Vodafone)
·
2100 MHz (Band 1 - [a small number of
Telstra sites] / Optus [Tasmania] / Vodafone)
·
2300 MHz (Band 40 - Optus [Vivid
Wireless spectrum])
·
2600 MHz (Band 7 - Telstra / Optus)
In Australia, the 700 MHz band was
previously used for analogue television and became operational with 4G in
December 2014. The 850 MHz band is currently operated as a 3G network by Telstra
and as a 4G network by Vodafone in Australia.
1.4.3 4.5G (LTE)
LTE Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro, also
known as 4.5G, 4.5G Pro, 4.9G, Pre-5G, 5G Project) is a name for 3GPP release
13 and 14. It is the next-generation cellular standard following LTE Advanced
(LTE-A) and supports data rates in excess of 3 Gbit/s using 32-carrier
aggregation. It also introduces the concept of License Assisted Access, which
allows sharing of licensed and unlicensed spectrum.
5G is the best generation of
cellular mobile communications. It succeeds the 4G (LTE/WiMax), 3G (UMTS) and
2Pac (GSM) systems. 5G performance targets high data rate, reduced latency,
energy saving, cost reduction, higher system capacity, and massive device
connectivity. The first phase of 5G specifications in Release-15 will be
completed by May 18 2019 to accommodate the early commercial deployment. The
second phase in Release-16 is due to be completed by April 2020 for submission
to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as a candidate of IMT-2020
technology.
The ITU IMT-2020 specification
demands speeds up to 20 gigabits per second, achievable with millimeter waves
of 15 gigahertz and higher frequency. 3GPP is going to submit 5G NR (New Radio)
as its 5G communication standard proposal. 5G NR can include lower frequencies,
from 600 MHz to 6 GHz. However, the speeds in early deployments, using 5G NR
software on 4G hardware (non-standalone), are only slightly higher than new 4G
systems, estimated at 15% to 50% faster.
5G promises superior speeds in most
conditions to the 4G network. Qualcomm presented a simulation at Mobile World
Congress that predicts 490 Mbit/s median speeds for 3.5 GHz 5G Massive MIMO and
1.4 Gbit/s median speed for 28 GHz mmWave. 5G NR speed in sub-6 GHz bands can
be slightly higher than the 4G with a similar amount of spectrum and antennas,
though some 3GPP 5G networks will be slower than some advanced 4G networks,
such as T-Mobile's LTE/LAA network, which achieves 500+ Mbit/s in Manhattan.
The 5G specification allows LAA (License Assisted Access) as well but it has
not yet been demonstrated. Adding LAA to an existing 4G configuration can add
hundreds of megabits per second to the speed, but this is an extension of 4G,
not a new part of the 5G standard.
New
Radio Frequencies
The air interface defined by 3GPP for 5G is known as
New Radio (NR), and the specification is subdivided into two frequ1ency bands,
FR1.
Frequency Range 1 (< 6 GHz)
The maximum channel bandwidth defined for FR1 is 100
MHz. Note that beginning with Release 10, LTE supports 100 MHz carrier
aggregation (five x 20 MHz channels.) FR1 supports a maximum modulation format
of 256-QAM while LTE has a maximum of 64-QAM, meaning 5G achieves significant
throughput improvements relative to LTE in the sub-6 GHz bands. However
LTE-Advanced already uses 256-QAM, eliminating the advantage of 5G in FR1.
Frequency
Range 2 (24 – 86 GHz)
The maximum channel bandwidth defined for FR2 is 400
MHz, with two-channel aggregation supported in 3GPP Release 15. The maximum
Physical layer (phy) rate potentially supported by this configuration is
approximately 40 Gbit/s. In Europe, 24.25–27.5 GHz is the proposed frequencies
range.
Massive
MIMO
Massive MIMO (multiple input and multiple output)
antennas increases sector throughput and capacity density using large numbers
of antennae and Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO). Each antenna is
individually-controlled and may embed radio transceiver components. Nokia
claimed a five-fold increase in the capacity increase for a 64-Tx/64-Rx antenna
system. The term "massive MIMO" was first coined by Nokia Bell Labs
researcher Dr. Thomas L. Marzetta in 2010, and has been launched in 4G
networks, such as Softbank in Japan.
Edge
Computing
Edge computing is a method of optimizing cloud
computing systems "by taking the control of computing applications, data,
and services away from some central nodes (the "core area"). In a 5G
network, it would promote faster speeds and low latency data transfer on edge
devices.
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